南川页岩气开发区污染防治措施及其环境保护效果研究

doi:10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2021.01.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

页岩气开发对区域环境质量的潜在影响包括水力压裂过程对地下水的污染风险,返排水回到地表对地表水体的污染风险,甲烷泄露对区域大气环境质量的影响等。对页岩气开发区域的环境质量进行跟踪、监测和评价是确认污染防治措施效果和了解长期累积性环境影响的有效手段。对南川页岩气开发区域的污染防治措施进行了总结,重点监测了开发区域的地下水环境、地表水环境、大气环境、声环境和土壤环境。按照最不利原则,采用最大监测值的单因子指数对当前的环境质量状况进行了评价,对各要素环境质量的年际变化进行了评估。结果表明：各环境监测因子满足相应功能区的环境质量标准;各监测因子,尤其是氯化物等页岩气开发的特征污染因子的评价指数未发生明显年际变化,区域页岩气开发未造成各环境要素的污染和引起环境质量发生明显不利变化。虽然,当前采用的污染防治措施有效,但持续、累积性的环境影响尚需更长时间的跟踪监测与评价。

关键词: 页岩气开发, 污染防治, 环境质量, 跟踪监测, 环境影响

Abstract:

The potential impact of shale gas development on regional environmental quality include the risk of groundwater pollution during hydraulic fracturing, the risk of surface water pollution due to the backflow drainage, and the influences of methane leakage on regional atmospheric environmental quality. The way of tracking, monitoring and evaluating the environmental quality of shale gas production areas is effective to confirm the effects of pollution prevention measures and understand the long-term cumulative environmental impact. The pollution prevention measures in Nanchuan shale gas production area have been summarized. The groundwater environment, surface water environment, atmospheric environment, acoustic environment, and soil environment in the production area have been monitored. According to the most unfavorable principle, the single factor indexes with the largest monitoring value have been used to evaluate the current environmental quality, and the inter-annual changes of the environmental quality of each element has been assessd. The results show that the monitoring factors of surface water environmental quality, groundwater environmental quality, atmospheric environmental quality, acoustic environmental quality, and soil environmental quality in Nanchuan shale gas production area meet the environmental quality standards of the corresponding functional area. There is no significant inter-annual changes in the evaluation indexes of each monitoring factor, especially the characteristic pollution factor of shale gas development such as chloride. The regional shale gas development has not caused pollution of various environmental elements and significant adverse changes in environmental quality. Although the current pollution prevention measures are effective, the continuous and cumulative environmental impacts still require longer-term follow-up monitoring and evaluation.

Key words: shale gas development, pollution prevention, environmental quality, tracking and monitoring, environmental impact

中图分类号:

TE991

李成龙,潘俊鸥,包凯,高涣杰,谢凯玲,卢培利. 南川页岩气开发区污染防治措施及其环境保护效果研究[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2021, 11(1): 109-116.

Li Chenglong,Pan Junou,Bao Kai,Gao Huanjie,Xie Kailing,Lu Peili. Pollution prevention measures and its environmental protection effects in Nanchuan shale gas development area[J]. Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2021, 11(1): 109-116.

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工程阶段	污染源				生态影响
工程阶段	废水	废气	噪声	固体废弃物	生态影响
钻前工程	施工废水和施工人员生活污水	施工扬尘、施工机械和运输车辆尾气	施工机械噪声	土石方、施工人员生活垃圾	表土剥离、水土流失
钻井及试气工程	钻井废水、场地雨水、洗井废水、压裂返排液、生活污水	燃油废气、测试放喷燃烧废气	钻井、压裂机组等设备的机械噪声、测试放喷噪声	普通钻屑、油基岩屑、废油、化工料桶	水土流失、土壤污染
地面工程	施工过程中产生的废水	施工机械尾气排放的少量CO、NO_X以及土石方施工产生的粉尘	施工机械噪声	土石方、施工人员生活垃圾	表土剥离、水土流失
采气阶段	气井采出水	热水炉加热产生的废气、放空产生的废气	集气站热水炉、分离器、节流阀等产生的噪声	生活垃圾	土壤污染

污染源类别	影响分析
水环境	施工废水及采出水泄漏,污染地表水;钻井过程中钻井液泄漏,可能会影响地下水
大气环境	施工扬尘降低空气质量;设备设施废气污染大气环境
声环境	设备设施的机械噪声影响声环境,对听力造成损伤,影响周边居民日常生活
固体废弃物	水基岩屑、油基岩屑撒落或处置不当,污染水、土壤;生活垃圾污染周边环境
生态环境	植被破坏,水土流失,造成石漠化;同时易导致自然灾害

工程阶段	水污染防治措施	大气污染防治措施	噪声防治措施	固体废弃物处理和处置措施	生态保护措施
钻前工程	设置沉淀池,施工废水经沉淀处理后全部回用;生活污水利用当地旱厕处置	铺设防尘网、防尘洒水、密闭运输、恢复植被等	选用符合国家标准的施工机具和运输车辆;选用低噪声施工机械和工艺	土石方回填井场;生活垃圾交由环卫部门处置	依据区域内地形地貌优化选址,减少挖方、填方,减少植被破坏
钻井及试气工程	废水管输至集中处理站处理后重复利用或达标外排;雨水清污分流;生活污水经旱厕收集处置	使用优质燃料、强化设备检测与维护等	网电钻井、网电压裂代替柴油机;基座减震;发声设备噪声治理;居民住房功能置换	清水钻屑铺垫井场;水基钻屑资源化综合利用;油基钻屑交危险废物处置单位处置;化工料桶由厂家回收	井场表面铺碎石防止雨水冲刷、场地周场围修临时排水沟;周边裸露地表绿化
地面工程	施工废水经沉淀后回用	铺设防尘网、洒水、密闭运输、及时恢复植被	选用符合国家标准的施工机具和运输车辆;选用低噪声的施工机械	土石方回填井场;生活垃圾交由环卫部门处置	挖方及时回填,或在指定场所集中堆放,做好临时防护措施
采气阶段	采气水管输至集中处理站处理后重复利用或达标外排	采用短火焰灼烧器、修建放喷池		垃圾分类,交由环卫部门统一清运处置

项目	pH值		COD		BOD₅		氨氮		硫酸盐		氯化物		石油类		硫化物
项目	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	硫化物
Ⅲ类水质标准值（GB 3838—2002）	6~9		≤20		≤4		≤1		≤250		≤250		≤0.05		≤0.2
1#监测断面	7.29~7.34	0.17	9~11	0.55	1.5~1.8	0.45	0.148~0.188	0.19	16.4~16.6	0.07	1.92~1.96	0.01	0.04	0.8	0.005L
2#监测断面	7.38~7.41	0.21	7~10	0.50	1.3~1.7	0.43	0.161~0.194	0.19	16.2~16.3	0.07	1.85~1.89	0.01	0.03~0.04	0.8	0.005L
3#监测断面	7.40~7.45	0.23	10~15	0.75	1.8~2.4	0.60	0.324~0.372	0.37	15.7~15.8	0.06	2.36~2.43	0.01	0.03~0.04	0.8	0.005L
4#监测断面	7.37~7.41	0.21	11~14	0.70	1.9~2.4	0.60	0.140~0.182	0.18	37.5~38.5	0.15	4.00~4.21	0.02	0.03~0.04	0.8	0.005L
5#监测断面	7.41~7.45	0.23	9~14	0.70	1.6~2.3	0.58	0.155~0.197	0.20	38.2~38.3	0.15	4.02~4.08	0.02	0.03~0.04	0.8	0.005L

项目	pH无量纲		耗氧量（COD_Mn）		氨氮		氯化物		硫酸盐		石油类
项目	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	范围	最大评价指数	石油类
Ⅲ类水质标准值	6.50~8.50		≤3		≤0.5		≤250		≤250		≤0.05
1#监测断面	7.12~7.14	0.09	0.31~0.37	0.12	0.172~0.227	0.45	4	0.020	19.6	0.08	0.01L
2#监测断面	7.18~7.22	0.15	0.35~0.36	0.12	0.276~0.302	0.60	5.24~5.57	0.020	19.30~19.80	0.08
3#监测断面	7.21~7.25	0.17	0.27~0.29	0.10	0.188~0.215	0.43	0.86~1.01	0.004	5.80~5.85	0.02
4#监测断面	7.70~7.73	0.49	0.86~0.89	0.30	0.252~0.292	0.58	3.77~3.85	0.020	54.20	0.22
5#监测断面	7.65~7.67	0.45	0.80~0.82	0.27	0.191~0.236	0.47	3.57~4.06	0.020	50.40~59.80	0.24
6#监测断面	7.42~7.44	0.29	0.61~0.63	0.21	0.206~0.221	0.44	4.13~4.19	0.020	33.90~34.10	0.14
7#监测断面	7.25~7.26	0.17	0.68~0.75	0.25	0.242~0.266	0.45	4.14~4.23	0.020	33.80~34.00	0.14