“双碳”目标下的中国CCUS技术挑战及对策

doi:10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024.01.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

CCUS（碳捕集、利用与封存）技术是实现全球碳减排的重要途径，也是保障中国能源安全和推动经济协同发展的重要手段。同时，有利于促进中国可持续发展和生态文明建设。中国CCUS技术各环节均取得了显著进展，但要大规模推广应用仍然存在多重制约。基于文献调研和工作积累，阐述了国内外CCUS技术现状，指出了CCUS技术当前所面临的技术挑战及攻关方向。已有的研究工作表明，解决捕集技术能耗和成本高，驱油封存技术有待进一步研究，化工利用技术转化能耗高、转化效率低，封存安全性监测和评估技术体系尚未建立等难题的对策措施有：①针对不同排放源的特性，选用不同的碳捕集方法多元化融合实现源头降本；②攻关多目标优化技术，协调优化驱油效率和CO₂封存率；③持续研发新型催化剂，加速CO₂的转化反应，提高转化效率；④充分借鉴美国、澳大利亚等国家的碳税政策，探索适合中国CCUS产业的财税激励政策，增加经济效益，提高企业积极性；⑤建立覆盖CCUS全链条各环节的系列标准规范，指导工程建设实施，从规范上降低企业风险。通过这些措施的实施，推动中国CCUS技术的快速发展，为实现碳中和目标做出更大的贡献。

关键词: “双碳”, CCUS技术, 技术创新, 政策支持, 碳中和

Abstract:

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage（CCUS） technology is pivotal for global carbon emissions reduction and plays a crucial role in ensuring China's energy security and fostering the concurrent growth of its economy. It also supports China's path towards sustainable development and ecological advancement. While significant strides have been made in CCUS technology within China, challenges persist that hinder its widespread adoption. Based on literature research and work accumulation, the current status of CCUS technology both domestically and internationally is described, and the current technical challenges and research directions that CCUS technology are pointed out. The existing research efforts have provided countermeasures to address the challenges of high energy consumption and cost of capture technologies, the need for further research on oil recovery and storage technologies, the high energy consumption and low conversion efficiency of chemical utilization technologies, and the lack of a technical system for monitoring and evaluating the safety of storage. These countermeasures are as follows: ①Diversified integration of different carbon capture methods to achieve cost reduction at the source based on the characteristics of different emission sources; ②Tackling multi-objective optimization techniques, coordinating and optimizing oil recovery efficiency and CO₂ storage rate; ③Continuously developing new catalysts to accelerate the conversion reaction of CO₂ and improve conversion efficiency; ④Fully draw on the carbon tax policies of countries such as the United States and Australia, explore fiscal and tax incentive policies suitable for China's CCUS industry, increase economic benefits, and enhance enterprise enthusiasm; ⑤Establish a series of standard specifications covering all aspects of the CCUS entire chain, guide the implementation of engineering construction, and reduce enterprise risks from a standardized perspective. Through the implementation of these measures, the rapid development of CCUS technology in China will be promoted, and greater contribution will be made to achieving the goal of carbon neutrality.

Key words: “double carbon”, CCUS technology, technological innovation, policy support, carbon neutrality

中图分类号:

TE357

叶晓东,陈军,陈曦,王海妹,王慧珺. “双碳”目标下的中国CCUS技术挑战及对策[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2024, 14(1): 1-9.

YE Xiaodong,CHEN Jun,CHEN Xi,WANG Haimei,WANG Huijun. China's CCUS technology challenges and countermeasures under “double carbon” target[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2024, 14(1): 1-9.

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膜材料	试验机构	国家	试验规模/（Nm³/d）	烟道气来源	建成时间
Polaris^?	MTR	美国	86 000.00	燃气火力发电厂	2014年
PolyActive^?	Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht	德国	1 200.00	燃煤火力发电厂	2015年
PVAm类材料	NTNU	挪威	0.96	水泥厂	2016年
Ultrason^?	NCCC	美国	1.50	燃煤火力发电厂	2017年
Polaris^?	华润海丰	中国	86 000.00	燃煤火力发电厂	2019年
PVAm类材料	天津大学	中国	50 000.00	燃煤火力发电厂	2021年

项目概况	气体来源	吸附材料	捕集规模/MW	CO₂捕集率/%	主要实施机构
2009年CaOling双循环流化床	燃煤烟气	CaO	1.70	>90	西班牙国家煤碳研究所
2010年美国气流床+回转窑	燃煤烟气	CaO	0.12	>90	俄亥俄州立大学
2012年韩国输运床+鼓泡床	燃煤烟气	K₂CO₃	10.00	>80	韩国能源研究所
2012年德国双循环流化床	合成烟气	CaO	1.00	90~92	达姆施塔特工业大学
2019年美国双流化床	燃煤烟气	固体胺	1.00	90	ADA公司

捕集技术	工业成本
	现状				2030年
	热耗量/ （GJ/t）	电耗量/ [（kW·h）/t]	设备投资/ （元/t）	总成本/ （元/t）	热耗量/ （GJ/t）	电耗量/ [（kW·h）/t]	设备投资/ （元/t）	总成本/ （元/t）
燃烧后化学吸收	2.8	75	40	270	2.2	65	40	220
燃烧后化学吸附	2.0	60	240	400	1.8	50	120	270
燃烧后物理吸附	2.1	80	150	330	1.9	70	120	280
燃烧后膜分离	0	450	150	310	0	250	120	210
富氧燃烧	0	380	240	380	0	270	120	220
化学链燃烧							80	80

技术名称		2030年碳减排潜力/10⁴ t
CO₂化学转化制备化学品	CO₂与甲烷重整制备合成气技术	2 000~3 000
	CO₂裂解经一氧化碳制备液体燃料技术	30~100
	CO₂加氢合成甲醇技术	4 800~7 200
	CO₂加氢制烯烃技术	250~370
	CO₂光电催化转化技术	15~35
	CO₂合成有机碳酸酯技术	350~500
	CO₂合成可降解聚合物材料技术	30~60
	CO₂合成异氰酸酯/聚氨酯技术	350~400
	CO₂制备PC技术	25~35
CO₂矿化利用	钢渣矿化利用CO₂	100~150
	磷石膏矿化利用CO₂技术	100~150
	钾长石加工联合CO₂矿化技术	20~30
	CO₂矿化养护混凝土技术	4 000~4 500