海上油气低碳发展现状与展望

doi:10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2024.06.021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“双碳”目标下，海上油气如何实现绿色低碳转型已成为企业面临的重要挑战。基于对国内外油气行业低碳发展现状的分析，结合中国海上油气发展特点，首先，从3个方面分析了近年来海上油气绿色低碳转型采取的主要措施和技术：建立标准、源强分析加强源头管控，开展清洁电力替代和能效提升进行过程治理，协同CO₂地质封存、CO₂驱油利用以及CO₂水合物封存进行末端治理，明确了采用不同低碳技术措施的减排效果。其次，结合各项技术的发展水平和技术发展路线图，预估到2050年海上油气实现碳中和目标，预测源头控碳、过程治理和末端封存这3类低碳技术的减排贡献，探寻海上油气低碳转型路径。最后，提出未来海洋油气与新能源协同、新型海上油气田电力系统建设、海上油气数字化和智能化发展、海上规模化CCUS（碳捕集、利用与封存）及海洋碳汇等海上油气低碳发展的方向。研究结果可为海上油气的低碳发展路径提供参考，也为能源企业的绿色低碳转型提供借鉴。

关键词: 海上油气, 源头控碳, 过程治理, 末端封存, CCUS（碳捕集、利用与封存）

Abstract:

Under the “Dual Carbon” goals, achieving a green and low-carbon transformation in offshore oil and gas has become a significant challenge for enterprises. Based on an analysis of the current status of low-carbon development in the domestic and international oil and gas industries, and considering the characteristics of offshore oil and gas development in China, this study first examines the main measures and technologies adopted for green and low-carbon transformation in recent years from three aspects: establishing standards and source intensity analysis to strengthen source control, implementing clean energy substitution and energy efficiency improvement for process management, and end-of-pipe management through CO₂ geological storage, CO₂-EOR（Enhanced Oil Recovery）, and CO₂ hydrate storage. The emissions reduction effectiveness of various low-carbon technologies is clarified. Secondly, by analyzing the development level and roadmap of each technology, the study forecasts emissions reduction contributions of source carbon control, process management, and end-of-pipe storage technologies, and explores a low-carbon transformation pathway for offshore oil and gas to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Finally, the study proposes future directions for low-carbon development in offshore oil and gas, including collaboration between marine oil and gas and new energy, construction of new offshore oil and gas power systems, digital and intelligent offshore oil and gas development, large-scale offshore CCUS（Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage）, and marine carbon sinks. The findings can serve as a reference for the low-carbon development pathway of offshore oil and gas and provide insights for the green and low-carbon transformation of energy enterprises.

Key words: offshore oil and gas, carbon source control, process management, end-of-pipe carbon storage, CCUS

中图分类号:

TE53

陈宏举,刘强,孙丽丽等. 海上油气低碳发展现状与展望[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2024, 14(6): 981-989.

CHEN Hongju,LIU Qiang,SUN Lili, et al. Status and prospects of low carbon development in offshore oil and gas industry[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2024, 14(6): 981-989.

图/表 9

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

表2

图5

图6

图7

参考文献 33

[1]	张琦. 能源清洁低碳转型背景下中英能源白皮书话语对比研究[J]. 中国石油大学学报(社会科学版), 2022, 38(6): 71-78.
	ZHANG Qi. A comparative discourse analysis of China and UK energy white paper in the context of low-carbon and clean energy transition[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Social Sciences Edition), 2022, 38(6): 71-78.
[2]	张帆, 商凯伦. 碳中和背景下世界主要经济体能源治理体系研究[J]. 中外能源, 2023, 28(11): 1-8.
	ZHANG Fan, SHANG Kailun. Study on energy governance systems of major economies in the world in the context of carbon neutrality[J]. Domestic and Foreign Energy, 2023, 28(11):1-8.
[3]	郑军, 刘婷. 主要发达国家碳达峰碳中和的实践经验及对中国的启示[J]. 中国环境管理, 2023, 15(4): 18-25.
	ZHENG Jun, LIU Ting. The practice experience of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in major developed countries and its enlightenment for China[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 15(4): 18-25.
[4]	司林波, 田春元, 宋兆祥. 欧盟碳中和目标与行动计划述评及对我国的启示[J]. 环境保护, 2023, 51(15): 62-68.
	SI Linbo, TIAN Chunyuan, SONG Zhaoxiang. Review of the carbon neutrality goal and action plan of European Union and its enlightenment to China[J]. Environmental Protection, 2023, 51(15): 62-68.
[5]	聂向锋. “双碳”目标下全球石油石化企业低碳转型战略与实践[J]. 当代石油石化, 2022, 30(8): 6-10.
	NIE Xiangfeng. Global petroleum and petrochemical enterprises' low-carbon transition and strategy under dual-carbon targets[J]. Petroleum & Petrochemical Today, 2022, 30(8): 6-10.
[6]	Shell. Sustainability report 2021[R/OL]. (2021-08-31)[2024-06-20]. https://reports.shell.com/sustainability-report/2023/#vanity-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2hlbGwuY29tL3N1c3RhaW5hYmlsaXR5cmVwb3J0Lmh0bWw.
[7]	BP. Sustainability report 2021[R/OL]. (2021-09-31)[2024-06-20]. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability.html.
[8]	Total. Integrating climate into our strategy[R/OL]. (2019-10-31)[2024-05-20]. https://ts.totalenergies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/total_rapport_climat_2019_en.pdf.
[9]	Equinor. 2018 Sustainability report[R/OL]. (2018-12-01)[2024-07-20]. https://www.equinor.com/sustainability/sustainability-reports-archive#sustainability-reports.
[10]	Exxon Mobil. 2020 sustainability report highlights 2021[R/OL]. (2021-10-31)[2024-08-20]. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/-/media/Global/Files/sustainability-report/publication/Sustainability-Report.pdf.
[11]	Chevron. Corporate responsibility report highlights 2021[R/OL]. (2021-08-31)[2024-06-20] 2021. https://www.chevron.com/-/media/shared-media/documents/chevron-sustainability-report-2021.pdf.
[12]	中国石油. 可持续发展报告2020[R/OL]. (2020-12-31)[2024-06-20]. https://www.petrochina.com.cn/petrochina/shyhj/esg.shtml.
	PetroChina Company Limited. Sustainability report 2020[R/OL]. (2020-12-31)[2024-6-20]. https://www.petrochina.com.cn/petrochina/shyhj/esg.shtml.
[13]	中国石化. 可持续发展报告2020[R/OL]. (2020-12-31)[2024-06-20]. http://www.sinopec.com/listco/investor_centre/reports/kcxfzbg/.
	Sinopec. Sustainability report 2020[R/OL]. (2020-12-31)[2024-06-20]. http://www.sinopec.com/listco/investor_centre/reports/kcxfzbg/.
[14]	中国海洋石油有限公司. 可持续发展报告2020[R/OL]. (2020-12-31)[2024-06-20]. https://www.cnoocltd.com/col/col3971/index.html.
	China National Offshore Oil Corporation Limited. Sustainability report 2020[R/OL]. (2020-12-31)[2024-06-20]. https://www.cnoocltd.com/col/col3971/index.html.
[15]	国家管网集团. 社会责任报告2022[R/OL]. (2022-11-31)[2024-06-20]. https://www.pipechina.com.cn/social.html.
	PipeChina. Social responsibility report 2022[R/OL]. (2022-11-31)[2024-06-20]. https://www.pipechina.com.cn/social.html.
[16]	于航, 刘强, 孙洋洲, 等. 新建(改扩建)海上油气田开发项目温室气体排放特点分析[J]. 现代化工, 2019, 39(2): 11-13. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2019.02.003
	YU Hang, LIU Qiang, SUN Yangzhou, et al. Analysis on greenhouse gas emission characteristics for new (expansion) offshore oil and gas development projects[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2019, 39(2): 11-13.
[17]	于航, 刘强, 朱子涵, 等. 全球低碳视角下油气行业的战略转型与实践成效[J]. 现代化工, 2020, 40(10): 10-14. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2020.10.003
	YU Hang, LIU Qiang, ZHU Zihan, et al. Strategic transformation and practical results of oil and gas industry from global low-carbon perspective[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2020, 40(10): 10-14. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2020.10.003
[18]	刘烨. 海上油气田仪控系统智能化方案[J]. 化工设计通讯, 2023, 49(2): 36-44.
	LIU Ye. Study on intelligent scheme of instrument control system for offshore oil and gas field[J]. Chemical Engineering Design Communications, 2023, 49(2): 36-44.
[19]	张宇. 油田设备信息化管理现状分析及优化建议[J]. 油气田地面工程, 2019, 38(8): 4.
	ZHANG Yu. Status analysis and optimization suggestions of oilfield equipment management informatization[J]. Oil-Gas Field Surface Engineering, 2019, 38(8): 4.
[20]	张光一, 杨甲玉, 惠宁. 油气田智能化管理建设及其应用研究[J]. 中国石油企业, 2022, (4): 76-80.
	ZHANG Guangyi, YANG Jiayu, HUI Ning. Research on the construction and application of intelligent management in oil and gas fields[J]. China Petroleum Enterprise, 2022, (4): 76-80.
[21]	ZHONG J R, SUN Y F, XIE Y, et al. CO₂ hydrate dissolution rates in unsaturated water quantified with laboratory experiments[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 430: 133137.
[22]	WANG Y R, LANG X M, FAN S S, et al. Review on enhanced technology of natural gas hydrate recovery by carbon dioxide replacement[J]. Energy Fuel, 2021, 35(5): 3659-3674.
[23]	蔡博峰, 李琦, 张贤, 等. 中国二氧化碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS)年度报告(2021)——中国CCUS路径研究[R/OL]. (2021-7-23)[2023-6-20]. https://img76.hbzhan.com/4/20210727/637629742157746067210.pdf.
	CAI Bofeng, LI Qi, ZHANG Xian, et al. China carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) annual report (2021): China CCUS path research[R/OL]. (2021-7-23)[2023-6-20]. https://img76.hbzhan.com/4/20210727/637629742157746067210.pdf.
[24]	米立军. 全球海上CO₂封存现状及中国近海机遇与挑战[J]. 中国海上油气, 2023, 35(1): 123-135.
	MI Lijun. Current status of global CO₂ ocean sequestration and opportunities and challenges in China offshore areas[J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2023, 35(1): 123-135.
[25]	SUN L L, CUI H J, GE Q S. Will China achieve its 2060 carbon neutral commitment from the provincial perspective?[J]. Advance in Climate Change Research, 2022, 13(2): 169-178.
[26]	李保振, 康晓东, 张健, 等. 海上CO₂驱研究进展及潜力评价[J]. 科技导报, 2018, 36(6): 83-89. doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2018.06.010
	LI Baozhen, KANG Xiaodong, ZHANG Jian, et al. Offshore CO₂ flooding projects and the potential evaluation in Woffshore oilfield[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2018, 36(6): 83-89.
[27]	雷晓, 邓建强, 张早校. 海底沉积物层CO₂封存中水合物研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2012, 31(6): 1338-1346.
	LEI Xiao, DENG Jianqiang, ZHANG Zaoxiao. Research advancement in hydrate formation during CO₂ sub-sea sediments sequestration[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2012, 31(6): 1338-1346.
[28]	姚远欣, 周雪冰, 李栋梁, 等. 水合物法模拟海底封存CO₂气体的实验[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(6): 3489-3498. doi: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1382
	YAO Yuanxin, ZHOU Xuebing, LI Dongliang, et al. Experiments of CO₂ gas sequestration on the seabed by hydrate method[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(6): 3489-3498. doi: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-1382
[29]	YAO Y X, YIN Z Y, NIU M Y, et al. Evaluation of 1,3-dioxolane in promoting CO₂ hydrate kinetics and its significance in hydrate-based CO₂ sequestration[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 451:1-15.
[30]	徐栋, 陈映赫, 韩旭波, 等. CO₂ 置换开采海域天然气水合物联合技术展望[J]. 现代化工, 2021, 41(9): 22-32. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2021.09.005
	XU Dong, CHEN Yinghe, HAN Xubo, et al. Prospects on combined technology for CO₂ replacement and exploitation of natural gas hydrate in sea[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2021, 41(9): 22-26. doi: 10.16606/j.cnki.issn0253-4320.2021.09.005
[31]	WU C Y, MERZOUG A, WAN X C, et al. Development of a new CO₂ EOR screening approach focused on deep-depth reservoirs[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2023, 231: 212335.
[32]	WU C Y, JIN L, ZHAO J, et al. Determination of Gas-Oil minimum miscibility pressure for impure CO₂ through optimized machine learning models[J]. Geoenergy Science and Engineering, 2024, 242: 213216.
[33]	中国海洋石油有限公司. 中国海油“碳达峰、碳中和”行动方案2022[R/OL]. (2022-10-30)[2024-6-20]. https://www.cnoocltd.com/col/col50941/index.html.
	China National Offshore Oil Corporation Limited. China National Offshore Oil Corporation's “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” action plan 2022[R/OL]. (2022-10-30)[2024-06-20]. https://www.cnoocltd.com/col/col50941/index.html.

项目名称	规模/MW	减碳量/（10⁴ t/a）	应用范围
渤海岸电工程	980.00	175.0	秦皇岛32-6/曹妃甸11-1岸电、渤中-垦利岸电、绥中-锦州岸电
海油“观澜”号	7.25	2.2	漂浮式海上风机与油田群电站组网，共同为油气设施供电
海南CZ7海上风电示范项目	1 500.00	364.3	海南CZ7海上风电发电直接并入南方电网

含油盆地名称	适合CO₂驱储量/10⁸ t	CO₂驱提高采收率/%	CO₂驱增加可采储量/10⁸ t	换油率/(t/t)	CO₂埋存量/10⁸ t
渤海湾盆地	10.83	8	0.870	2.5	2.17
珠江口盆地	4.36	8	0.350	3.0	1.05
北部湾盆地	0.92	9	0.080	2.5	0.21
东海盆地	0.03	9	0.003	3.0	0.01
合计	16.14		1.303		3.44