地质封存过程中CO2注入对地层影响研究进展

doi:10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025.04.012

油气藏评价与开发 ›› 2025, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (4): 632-640.doi: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025.04.012

地质封存过程中CO₂注入对地层影响研究进展

王展鹏¹^,²(), 刘双星¹, 刘琦¹(), 杨术刚¹, 张敏², 鲜成钢², 翁艺斌¹

1.中国石油安全环保技术研究院有限公司，北京 102206
2.中国石油大学（北京）非常规油气科学技术研究院油气资源与工程国家重点实验室，北京 102249

收稿日期:2024-06-25 发布日期:2025-07-19 出版日期:2025-08-26
通讯作者: 刘琦（1984—），男，副教授，博士生导师，校青年拔尖人才，主要从事低碳能源工程与油气田化学工程研究工作。地址：北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学（北京），邮政编码：102249。E-mail：liuqi@cup.edu.cn
作者简介:王展鹏（2001—），男，在读硕士研究生，主要从事CO₂地质封存研究。地址：北京市昌平区府学路18号中国石油大学（北京），邮政编码：102249。E-mail：2022216610@student.cup.edu.cn
基金资助:
中国石油科技专项“咸水层二氧化碳封存协同烟气处置方法研究”(2023ZZ1301);内蒙古自治区科技重大专项“化工产业CO2减排及其高值化利用的新材料、新机制、新途径”(2021ZD0020);中国石油大学（北京）校基金项目“CCUS地质封存中固井水泥智能响应封窜体系协同调控机制研究”(ZX20200133);国家自然科学基金项目“CCUS地质封存中CO2-咸水-地层岩-油井水泥相互作用机理的研究”(51604288)

Research progress on effects of CO₂ injection on formations during geological storage

WANG Zhanpeng¹^,²(), LIU Shuangxing¹, LIU Qi¹(), YANG Shugang¹, ZHANG Min², XIAN Chenggang², WENG Yibin¹

1.CNPC Research Institute of Safety & Environment Technology, Beijing 102206, China
2.State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China

Received:2024-06-25 Online:2025-07-19 Published:2025-08-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

CO₂地质封存作为碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）技术中的重要一环，决定了CCUS技术的发展潜力和发展方向，是实现“双碳”目标的有效手段，明确CO₂注入产生的一系列地层响应对于安全高效注入具有重要意义。压力提升是限制封存容量和封存安全的主要因素，流体溶解运移沉淀是影响地层稳定性和封存效率的本质特征，储层可注性及盖层安全性是决定地质封存项目成败的关键。系统讨论了CO₂注入引起的压力聚集、压力传导、CO₂-水-岩相互作用、矿物溶解沉淀及岩石孔隙结构特征等方面的地层响应特征，总结了润湿性、孔隙度、渗透率、流体性质、岩石强度、盖层完整性、地表形变及断层活化对储层可注性和盖层安全性的影响，指出目前研究存在的压力变化规律难预测、反应机理不明晰、注入效率不高效、监测评估尚不完善等主要问题。未来需要深化对封存机理的理解，改善地层响应的监测和评估方法，加强环境风险评估，进一步推动CO₂地质封存技术的安全、高效应用，为应对全球气候变化问题提供有力支持。

关键词: 注入工艺, 压力变化, CO₂-水-岩作用, 孔渗特征, 可注性

Abstract:

As a critical component of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology, CO₂ geological storage plays a decisive role in the development potential and direction of CCUS technology, and serves as an effective means to achieve “dual carbon” goals. Clarifying the series of formation responses caused by CO₂ injection is essential for safe and efficient injection. Pressure buildup is a primary factor constraining the storage capacity and safety. Fluid dissolution, migration, and precipitation are the fundamental features affecting formation stability and storage efficiency. In addition, reservoir injectivity and caprock integrity are key determinants for the success of geological storage projects. The formation response characteristics caused by CO₂ injection were systematically discussed, including pressure buildup, pressure propagation, CO₂-water-rock interactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and rock pore structure characteristics. The influences of wettability, porosity, permeability, fluid properties, rock strength, caprock integrity, surface deformation, and fault activation on reservoir injectivity and caprock safety were summarized. Major current issues in research were identified, including the unpredictability of pressure change patterns, unclear reaction mechanisms, low injection efficiency, and incomplete monitoring and evaluation frameworks. Future work should deepen the understanding of storage mechanisms, improve monitoring and assessment methods of formation response, strengthen environmental risk evaluation, and further promote the safe and efficient application of CO₂ geological storage technology, thereby providing strong support for addressing global climate change.

Key words: injection process, pressure change, CO₂-water-rock interaction, porosity and permeability characteristics, injectivity

中图分类号:

TE38

王展鹏,刘双星,刘琦, 等. 地质封存过程中CO₂注入对地层影响研究进展[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2025, 15(4): 632-640.

WANG Zhanpeng,LIU Shuangxing,LIU Qi, et al. Research progress on effects of CO₂ injection on formations during geological storage[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2025, 15(4): 632-640.

图/表 6

表1

不同注入技术对比"

注入方式	操作模式	影响因素	优点	缺点	应用	发展趋势
连续注入	持续不间断注入	注入量、注入速率	操作简单、稳定性好、驱油效率高	地层压力增长快、需严格控制注入参数	封存容量大、良好封闭性油藏	更为精细的注入参数控制
间歇注入	分批注入	注入周期、停止时间	缓解地层压力、减少破裂风险、提高原油流动性	操作复杂、精准控制难度大、驱油效率可能略低	地质条件复杂、存在潜在破裂风险油藏	注重优化注入周期和停止时间
压力管理注入	监测、动态调整注入	地层压力监测准确性、压力调节措施	降低泄漏风险、提高封存效率	操作成本高、需高精度实时监测设备	地层压力变化敏感、存在较高安全风险油藏	实时监测储层压力和流体动态
多点注入	多个注入点，同时或分阶段注入	注入点布局、各注入点注入参数	减少压力梯度、便于均匀分布	增加设备和操作成本、参数优化复杂	封存容量大、强非均质性油藏	优化注入井的位置和数量
定向注入	定向注入至特定区域或层位	定向钻井精度、目标区域油藏特性	提高封存效率、减少CO₂无效扩散和泄漏风险	定向钻井技术成本较高、设备要求高	具有特定裂隙地层、需要精确控制注入位置的油藏	提高技术的适应性和可靠性
CO₂吞吐	周期性注入采出	吞吐周期、焖井时间、地层特性	经济环保、工艺简单、增油效果明显、适用性广	效果不确定性强、潜在风险大	井间连通性差、小断块、低渗透、低压力、开采难度大的油藏	单井向井组转变，单一吞吐向复合吞吐转变
水气交替注入	CO₂和水按比例交替注入	注入比例、交替周期、注入顺序	扩大波及体积、降低流度比、保持油层压力	操作相对复杂、控制难度大、风险与不确定性大	地层非均质性较强、需要提高波及效率的油藏	开发监测智能系统，研发环境友好型注入剂
水力压裂辅助	预先或同步进行水力压裂	压裂液性质、压裂工艺参数	增强CO₂注入效率、降低注入难度	对油藏存在潜在伤害、需要额外设备和操作成本	渗透率低、储层条件好的油藏	工艺参数优化与动态匹配

表1

图1

表2

图2

图3

图4

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类型	原因	影响	措施
压力聚集	注入量增加、地层封闭性良好、渗透性和孔隙度低	泄漏风险增大、注入效率降低、地层稳定性下降、诱发地震活动	实时监测井底压力，优化注入策略，增强地层渗透性，建立安全评估体系
压力传导	分子间相互作用、流体动力学效应、压力梯度、压力交变	地层压力分布明显、岩石破裂变形、CO₂运移扩散、塌陷或地震等地质灾害	实时监测井底压力和地层压力分布变化，调整注入速度、注入井布局，加强地层稳定性评估

地质封存过程中CO₂注入对地层影响研究进展

Research progress on effects of CO₂ injection on formations during geological storage

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