提高页岩气藏压裂井射孔簇产气率的技术进展

doi:10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2023.01.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

页岩气藏水平井分段多簇射孔压裂通常存在射孔簇生产效率低下的问题。提高射孔簇压裂的有效性以及保持多簇裂缝长期导流能力是实现页岩气藏水平井增产降本面临的主要挑战之一。根据前人的研究成果，系统分析了射孔簇生产效率低下的主要原因：①由于页岩储层地质力学非均质性、缝间应力阴影、射孔侵蚀速率差异等因素导致裂缝未均衡起裂或延伸；②由于段内射孔排量分配差异，低黏度压裂液悬砂能力弱，以及裂缝弯曲、倾斜、粗糙度等因素导致簇间及缝内支撑剂未均匀分布；③生产过程中支撑剂的破碎、嵌入、成岩作用，地层微粒的生成和运移等因素导致裂缝的导流能力损失。针对上述问题，总结了促进多簇裂缝均衡起裂延伸、促进支撑剂均匀分布及提高裂缝导流能力的优化措施和技术方案，包括新型限流压裂技术、可降解暂堵转向技术、射孔参数及加砂顺序优化、高速通道压裂、高黏减阻压裂液体系与新型支撑剂的研究与应用等，并在上述技术的基础上提出了相关建议及展望，以期为提高水平井射孔簇生产效率提供参考与借鉴。

关键词: 无效射孔, 支撑剂分布, 裂缝导流能力, 限流压裂技术, 平面射孔, 暂堵转向技术, 新型支撑剂

Abstract:

Generally there exist a large number of ineffective perforation clusters in multistage hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells of shale gas reservoirs. So improving the effectiveness of perforation and maintaining the long-term conductivity of fractures are the main challenges to increase production and reduce costs for shale gas horizontal wells. Based on previous research results, the main reasons for low production of perforation clusters include: ① Fracture does not initiate or propagate effectively due to mechanical heterogeneity of shale reservoir, stress shadow between fractures, or difference of perforation erosion rate; ② The distribution of proppant is non-uniform between clusters and in fractures due to the difference of perforation displacement distribution within the stage, weak sand suspension ability of low viscosity fracturing fluid, and fracture bending, inclination and roughness; ③ The fracture conductivity is lost due to the breakage and embedding of proppant, diagenesis, formation and migration of formation particles. In order to solve the above problems, the optimization and technical solutions to facilitate the balanced initiation of fractures, the uniform distribution of proppants, and the improvement of fracture conductivity are proposed. They include new-type limited entry fracturing technique, degradable temporary plugging diversion, optimization of perforation parameters and sand-adding sequence, high-speed channel fracturing, high viscosity friction reducers and new-type proppants, etc., which are expected to provide benchmark for improving the effectiveness of perforation cluster fracturing of horizontal wells.

Key words: ineffective perforation clusters, proppant distribution, fracture conductivity, limited entry fracturing technique, planar perforation, temporary plugging diversion, new-type proppants

中图分类号:

TE37

蒋恕,李园平,杜凤双等. 提高页岩气藏压裂井射孔簇产气率的技术进展[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2023, 13(1): 9-22.

Shu JIANG,Yuanping LI,Fengshuang DU, et al. Recent advancement for improving gas production rate from perforated clusters in fractured shale gas reservoir[J]. Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2023, 13(1): 9-22.

图/表 6

图 1

图2

图 3

图 4

图 5

图 6

参考文献 65

[1]	邹才能, 董大忠, 王社教, 等. 中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2010, 37(6):641-653. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(11)60001-3
	ZOU Caineng, DONG Dazhong, WANG Shejiao, et al. Geological characteristics, formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2010, 37(6): 641-635. doi: 10.1016/S1876-3804(11)60001-3
[2]	蒋恕. 页岩气开发地质理论创新与钻完井技术进步[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2011, 39(3):17-23.
	JIANG Shu. Geological theory innovations and advances in drilling and completion technology for shale gas development[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2011, 39(3): 17-23.
[3]	MILLER C, WATERS G, RYLANDER E. Evaluation of production log data from horizontal wells drilled in organic shales[C]// Paper SPE-144326-MS presented at the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, June 2011.
[4]	SPAIN D R, GIL I, SEBASTIAN H, et al. Geo-engineered completion optimization: An integrated, multi-disciplinary approach to improve stimulation efficiency in unconventional shale reservoirs[C]// Paper SPE-172921-MS presented at the SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition, Muscat, Oman, January 2015.
[5]	WANG W X, XIAN C G, LIANG X, et al. Production controlling factors of the Longmaxi Shale Gas Formation: A case study of Huangjingba Shale Gas Field[C]// Paper SPE-186874-MS presented at the SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia, October 2017.
[6]	SNYDER J, CRAMER D, WHITE M. Improved treatment distribution through oriented perforating[C]// Paper SPE-204203-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, Virtual, May 2021.
[7]	张儒鑫, 侯冰, 单清林, 等. 致密砂岩储层水平井螺旋射孔参数优化研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2018, 40(11):2143-2147.
	ZHANG Ruxin, HOU Bing, SHAN Qinglin, et al. Parameter optimization of spiral perforations in horizontal well with tight sandstone reservoir[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2018, 40(11): 2143-2147.
[8]	何希鹏, 卢比, 何贵松, 等. 渝东南构造复杂区常压页岩气生产特征及开发技术政策[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(1):224-240.
	HE Xipeng, LU Bi, HE Guisong, et al. Production characteristics and optimized development technologies for normal pressure shale gas in the structurally complex areas of southeastern Chongqing[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2021, 42(1): 224-240.
[9]	蒋廷学, 王海涛. 中国石化页岩油水平井分段压裂技术现状与发展建议[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2021, 49(4):14-21.
	JIANG Tingxue, WANG Haitao. The current status and development suggestions for Sinopec’s staged fracturing technologies of horizontal shale oil wells[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2021, 49(4): 14-21.
[10]	LECAMPION B, DESROCHESA J. Simultaneous initiation and growth of multiple radial hydraulic fractures from a horizontal wellbore[J]. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2015, 82: 235-258. doi: 10.1016/j.jmps.2015.05.010
[11]	HOU T F, ZHANG S C, LI D, et al. Simulation of the effect of non-uniform proppant distribution on well productivity in shale gas reservoirs[C]// Paper SPE-185879-MS presented at the SPE Europec featured at 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Paris, France, June 2017.
[12]	AHMAD F A, MISKIMINS J L. Proppant transport and behavior in horizontal wellbores using low viscosity fluids[C]// Paper SPE-194379-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2019.
[13]	SQUIRES C, RAMOS C, CLAY M. Perforating trends, technology and evaluation in North America[C]// Paper SPE-199744-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2020.
[14]	徐加祥, 丁云宏, 杨立峰, 等. 压裂支撑剂在迂曲微裂缝中输送与分布规律[J]. 石油学报, 2019, 40(8):965-974. doi: 10.7623/syxb201908007
	XU Jiaxiang, DING Yunhong, YANG Lifeng, et al. Transportation and distribution laws of proppants in tortuous micro-fractures[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2019, 40(8): 965-974. doi: 10.7623/syxb201908007
[15]	HUANG H, BABADAGLI T, LI H Z, et al. A visual experimental study on proppants transport in rough vertical fractures[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2020, 134: 104446.
[16]	BESTAOUI-SPURR N, HUDSON H. Ultra-light weight proppant and pumping design lead to greater conductive fracture area in unconventional reservoirs[C]// Paper SPE-185435-MS presented at the SPE Oil and Gas India Conference and Exhibition, Mumbai, India, April 2017.
[17]	AGRAWAL S, SHRIVASTAVA K, SHARMA M M. Effect of shear slippage on the interaction of hydraulic fractures with natural fractures[C]// Paper SPE-194361-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2019.
[18]	CHUN T, LI Y C, WU K. Comprehensive experimental study of proppant transport in an inclined fracture[J]. Journal Petrol Science and Engineering, 2020, 184: 106523.
[19]	WEAVER J D, NGUYEN P D, PARKER M A, et al. Sustaining fracture conductivity[C]// Paper SPE-94666-MS presented at the SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Sheveningen, The Netherlands, 25-27 May, 2005.
[20]	LACY L L, RICKARDS A R, ALI S A. Embedment and fracture conductivity in soft formations associated with HEC, borate, and water based fracture designs[C]// Paper SPE-38590-MS presented at the the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, October 1997.
[21]	BANDARA P C, NADRES E T, RODRIGUES D F. Use of response surface methodology to develop and optimize the composition of a chitosan-polyethyleneimine-graphene oxide nanocomposite membrane coating to more effectively remove Cr(Ⅵ) and Cu(Ⅱ) from water[J]. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11(19): 17784-17795. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b03601
[22]	WEN Q, ZHANG S, WANG L, et al. The effect of proppant embedment upon the long term conductivity of fractures[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2007, 55 (3): 221-227. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.08.010
[23]	LIN M L, JENG F, YSAI L S, et al. Wetting weakening of tertiary sandstones microscopic mechanism[J]. Environmental Geology, 2005, 48(2): 265-275. doi: 10.1007/s00254-005-1318-y
[24]	MAYS D C. Hydrodynamics of particle clogging in saturated granular media: analysis and experiments[D]. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, 2005.
[25]	LACY L L, RICKARDS A R, BILDEN D M. Fracture Width and embedment testing in soft reservoir sandstone[J]. SPE Drilling & Completion, 1998, 13: 25-29.
[26]	RAYSONI N, SARDA A. Evaluating flowback proppants for proppant diagenesis in shale[C]// Paper SPE-165165-MS presented at the SPE European Formation Damage Conference & Exhibition, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, June 2013.
[27]	WEAVER J D, BATENBURG D W, NGUYEN P D. Sustaining conductivity[C]// Paper SPE-98236-MS presented at the SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, February 2006.
[28]	BOMMER P A, BAYNE M. The effects of down spacing in the delaware basin wolfcamp play: A case history[C]// Paper SPE-199691-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2020.
[29]	SENTERS C W, LEONARD R S, RAMOS C R, et al. Diversion: Be careful what you ask for[C]// Paper SPE-187045-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, October 2017.
[30]	SOMANCHI K, BREWER J, ALAN R. Extreme limited entry design improves distribution efficiency in plug-n-perf completis: Insights from Fiber-Optic diagnostics[C]// Paper SPE-184834-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, January 2017.
[31]	HUCKABEE P, LEDET C, UGUETO G, et al. Practical design considerations for stage length, perforation clusters and limited entry pressure intensities[C]// Paper SPE-204185-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, Virtual, May 2021.
[32]	FRY M, ALTIERI A. Optimizing perforating schemes to achieve uniform proppant distribution[C]// Paper presented at the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, January 2019.
[33]	LI K, HUANG P G, LIU Y, et al. Performance evaluation of novel perforation with consistent hole and deep penetration[C]// Paper SPE-202854-MS presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, November 2020.
[34]	DOMELEN M S. A practical guide to modern diversion technology[C]// Paper SPE-185120-MS presented at the SPE Oklahoma City Oil and Gas Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, March 2017.
[35]	WEDDLE P, GRIFFIN L, PEARSON C M. Mining the Bakken: Driving cluster efficiency higher using particulate diverters[C]// Paper SPE-184828-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, January 2017.
[36]	WANG D B, ZHOU F J, GE H K, et al. A novel experimental approach for fracability evaluation in tight gas reservoirs[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2015, 23: 239-249. doi: 10.1016/j.jngse.2015.01.039
[37]	CHEN Y, ZHOU F J, FENG W, et al. Plugging mechanism of fibres and particulates in hydraulic fracture[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, 176: 396-402. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.01.084
[38]	SANTOS L, TALEGHANI A D, LI G Q, et al. Expandable diverting agents to improve efficiency of refracturing treatments[C]// Paper URTEC-2697493-MS presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Austin, Texas, USA, July 2017.
[39]	SATTI R P, MCCANN J, FLORES J C, et al. A novel frac-optimized perforating system for unconventional wells: Development and field trial[C]// Paper SPE-184883-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, January 2017.
[40]	AL-ALWANI M A, BRITT L K, DUNN-NORMAN S, et al. Long term productivity comparison of gel and water fracture stimulation in Marcellus Shale Play[C]// Paper SPE-195990-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, September 2019.
[41]	SENTINELLI R, MORENO L, PELLICER M, et al. Early applications of viscosifying friction reducers for hydraulic fracturing operations in the Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina[C]// Paper SPE-204171-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, Virtual, May 2021.
[42]	YUA C, GERI M B, ZENG C, et al. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of proppant static settling velocity in high viscosity friction reducers[C]// Paper ARMA-2019-2067 presented at the 53rd U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, New York, June 2019.
[43]	ELLAFI A, JABBARI H, TOMOMEWO O S, et al. Future of hydraulic fracturing application in terms of water management and environmental issues: A critical review[C]// Paper SPE-199993-MS presented at the SPE Canada Unconventional Resources Conference, Virtual, September 2020.
[44]	DAHLGREN K, GREEN B, WILLIAMS B, et al. Case studies of high viscosity friction reducers HVFR in the STACK play[C]// Paper SPE-189893-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, January 2018.
[45]	GALINDO T. Can proppant transport be negatively affected by too much viscosity?[C]// Paper SPE-194317-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2019.
[46]	OLMEN B D, ANSCHUTZ D A, BRANNON H D, et al. Evolving proppant supply and demand: The implications on the hydraulic fracturing industry[C]// Paper SPE-191591-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, USA, September 2018.
[47]	GU M, DAO E, MOHANTY K K. Investigation of ultra-light weight proppant application in shale fracturing[J]. Fuel, 2015, 150: 191-201. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.019
[48]	FENG Y C, MA C Y, DENG J G, et al. A comprehensive review of ultralow-weight proppant technology[J]. Petroleum Science, 2021, 18: 807-826.
[49]	GAURAV A, DAO E K, MOHANTY K K. Evaluation of ultra-light-weight proppants for shale fracturing[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2012, 92: 82-88.
[50]	CHANG F F, BERGER P D, LEE C H. In-situ formation of proppant and highly permeable blocks for hydraulic fracturing[C]// Paper SPE-173328-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2015.
[51]	HUANG J H, GONG W, LIN L J, et al. In-situ proppant: beads, microproppant, and channelized-proppant[C]// Paper SPE-197638-MS presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, November 2019.
[52]	ZHAO L Q, CHEN Y X, DU J, et al. Experimental study on a new type of self-propping fracturing technology[J]. Energy, 2019, 183: 249-261. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.137
[53]	赵立强, 陈一鑫, 刘平礼, 等. 一种新型自支撑压裂液体系实验研究[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2020, 10(2): 121-127+134.
	ZHAO Liqiang, CHEN Yixin, LIU Pingli, et al. Experimental study on a new type of self-propping fracturing fluid[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2020, 10(2): 121-127.
[54]	TONG S Y, MILLER C, MOHANTY K. Generation of in-situ proppant through hydro-thermal reactions[C]// Paper SPE-194320-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2019.
[55]	SALAH M, EL-SEBAEE M, BATMAZ T. Channel fracturing technology: A paradigm shift in stimulation of tight reservoir and unlock production potential[C]// Paper SPE-185873-MS presented at the SPE Europec featured at 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, Paris, France, June 2017.
[56]	ALTMAN R, VISWANATHAN A, XU J, et al. Understanding the impact of channel fracturing in the eagle ford shale through reservoir simulation[C]// Paper SPE-153728-MS presented at the SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, April 2012.
[57]	NING X W, FENG Y, WANG B. Numerical simulation of channel fracturing technology in developing shale gas reservoirs[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2020, 83: 103515.
[58]	ELSARAWY A M, NASR-EL-DIN H A. An experimental investigation of proppant diagenesis and proppant formation fluid interactions in hydraulic fracturing of Eagle Ford shale[C]// Paper SPE-191225-MS presented at the SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, June 2018.
[59]	GUO T K, WANG Y P, DU Z M, et al. Evaluation of coated proppant unconventional performance[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2021, 35: 9268-9277. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00187
[60]	HU T P, CREWS J B, WILLINGHAM J R. Using nanoparticles technology to control fine migration[C]// Paper SPE-115384-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, September 2008.
[61]	HAQUE M H, SAINI R K, SAYED M A. Nano-composite resin coated proppant for hydraulic fracturing[C]// Paper OTC-29572-MS presented at the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, May 2019.
[62]	LAN W J, NIU Y C, SHENG M, et al. Biomimicry surface coated proppant with self-suspending and targeted adsorption ability[J]. ACS Omega, 2020, 5: 25824-25831. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03138
[63]	KRISHNAN M R, ALDAWSARI Y, MICHAEL F M, et al. Mechanically reinforced polystyrene polymethyl methacrylate copolymer-graphene and epoxy-graphene composites dual-coated sand proppants for hydraulic fracture operations[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, 196: 107744.
[64]	张潦源, 曲占庆, 吕明锟, 等. 不同支撑剂组合对复杂裂缝支撑效果的影响[J]. 断块油气田, 2021, 28(2):278-283.
	ZHANG Liaoyuan, QU Zhanqing, LYU Mingkun, et al. Support effect of different particle proppant combinations on complex fractures[J]. Fault Block Oil & Gas Field, 2021, 28(2): 278-283.
[65]	ELY J W, HARPER J, NIETO E N, et al. CounterProp, finally adding the correct proppant in the proper size and proper sequence in slick water treatments[C]// Paper SPE-194370-MS presented at the SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, February 2019.