油气藏评价与开发 >
2025 , Vol. 15 >Issue 3: 528 - 536
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025.03.021
深层页岩狭长缝内支撑剂沉降运移规律实验研究
收稿日期: 2024-09-13
网络出版日期: 2025-05-28
基金资助
国家自然科学基金面上项目“页岩气井焖井期间裂缝网络形成机理与焖井制度优化方法研究”(52274033);重庆市自然科学基金重点项目“深层页岩气压裂复杂裂缝形成机理及工艺技术研究”(cstc2020jcyj-zdxmX0001)
Experimental study of settlement and migration patterns of proppant in long narrow fractures in deep shale
Received date: 2024-09-13
Online published: 2025-05-28
水力压裂作为页岩气藏开发的重要技术,如何有效提高深层页岩储层“狭长缝”内的支撑剂铺置效果成为目前亟须解决的难题。研究基于模拟深层页岩储层狭长裂缝的平板实验装置,对压裂液黏度、注入排量、支撑剂粒径、加砂质量浓度、裂缝宽度、支撑剂类型等参数进行对比实验,以了解支撑剂颗粒在深层页岩储层狭长裂缝内的沉降运移规律。结果表明:与宽缝相比,相同条件下支撑剂颗粒在深层页岩狭长缝内形成的砂堤前缘坡度降低,前后砂堤高度差距减少,支撑剂颗粒的整体铺置效果更加均匀平缓;在深层页岩狭长缝内,末端砂堤面积占整体砂堤面积的比重随压裂液黏度、注入排量的增大而增大,而加砂质量浓度对其影响程度较低;微小粒径支撑剂颗粒同样对末端砂堤的铺置具有促进作用,并且更有利于整体砂堤的均匀铺置;深层页岩狭长缝内裂缝宽度的收缩对收缩前裂缝内的砂堤铺置无明显影响,但会阻碍收缩后裂缝内支撑剂颗粒的流动铺置。收缩后裂缝内砂堤的覆盖面积减小,平衡高度降低,砂堤整体铺置更加均匀。但支撑剂的沉降量减少,同时增大了深层页岩储层裂缝有效压裂支撑的难度。该实验研究成果可为深层页岩储层的压裂改造设计提供有力的支撑。
刘浩琦 , 陈富红 , 余致理 , 龚伟 , 罗西 , 林魂 . 深层页岩狭长缝内支撑剂沉降运移规律实验研究[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2025 , 15(3) : 528 -536 . DOI: 10.13809/j.cnki.cn32-1825/te.2025.03.021
Shale gas, an unconventional natural gas resource, has become an important supplement to global conventional oil and gas resources. With the increasing development of shale gas resources, deep shale gas reservoirs have emerged as key targets for exploration and production. These reservoirs are characterized by complex geological structures, high rock plasticity, and significant vertical and horizontal stress differences. Such conditions hinder the formation of complex fracture networks during hydraulic fracturing, often resulting in simple, narrow, and long fractures. The narrow width of these fractures significantly affects the settlement and migration of proppants, which in turn influences fracture conductivity and determines the effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. Therefore, investigating the settlement and migration behaviors of proppants in long narrow fractures is essential for the safe and efficient production of deep shale gas wells. Current experimental studies on proppant migration commonly use parallel-plate simulation devices made of organic glass. Research indicates that proppant settlement and migration are substantially influenced by viscous fluid drag, with the drag coefficient depending on factors such as particle shape, concentration, and flow rate. Additionally, proppant type, density, and concentration further affect proppant distribution. However, most existing studies are based on the fracture geometries of medium and shallow shale reservoirs, which differ from those of deep shale formations in both fracture width and suitable proppant size. To address this gap, this study employed a large-scale visualized simulation device to examine the settlement and migration of proppants in long narrow fractures in deep shales. The objective is to clarify the effects of different proppant properties and fracturing parameters on proppant distribution, thereby providing theoretical support for fracturing stimulation in deep shale reservoirs. The experimental setup included a fracture simulation device, a mixing unit, and a circulation system. The fracture simulation device was composed of interconnected organic glass plates, with adjustable fracture widths between 2-3 mm to replicate the fractures in deep shale. Slickwater fracturing fluids were prepared with three viscosities: 3 mPa·s, 6 mPa·s, and 9 mPa·s. Selected proppants included 40/70 mesh, 70/140 mesh, and 100/200 mesh quartz sand, along with 70/140 mesh coated ceramic proppants, representing micro-sized particles. A total of 11 experimental groups were designed to investigate the effects of fracturing fluid viscosity, injection rate, proppant concentration, proppant particle size, proppant type, and fracture width variation. Experimental results indicated that, compared with the wider fractures of medium and shallow shales, under the same conditions, long narrow fractures in deep shale promote the agglomeration of proppant particles, causing a rapid settlement near the inlet. This led to a reduced leading-edge slope of the sand bank and a smaller height difference between the front and rear of the sand bank compared to wider fractures. The overall proppant distribution tends to be more uniform and smoother. In long narrow fractures of deep shale, the proportion of terminal sand bank area to the total sand bank area increases with higher fracturing fluid viscosity and injection rate, while the effect of proppant concentration is relatively limited. Micro-sized proppants are more prone to settling at the far end of the narrow fracture and contribute to a more uniform overall distribution. Moreover, the contraction of fracture width has no significant effect on sand bank placement before contraction, but it hinders the flow and placement of proppant particles after contraction, resulting in decreased proppant settlement. Due to the high closure pressure in deep shale reservoirs, fractures are prone to closure, and the reduction in proppant settlement after fracture contraction further increases the difficulty of effective fracture support. This experimental study reveals the settlement and migration patterns of proppants in long narrow fractures in deep shale, providing a theoretical foundation for optimizing fracturing simulation strategies. The findings have practical significance for selecting proppant types and optimizing fracturing parameters to enhance the production efficiency of deep shale gas wells.
1 | 赵金洲, 任岚, 蒋廷学, 等. 中国页岩气压裂十年: 回顾与展望[J]. 天然气工业, 2021, 41(8): 121-142. |
ZHAO Jinzhou, REN Lan, JIANG Tingxue, et al. Ten years of gas shale fracturing in China: Review and prospect[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2021, 41(8): 121-142. | |
2 | 蔡勋育, 刘金连, 张宇, 等. 中国石化“十三五”油气勘探进展与“十四五”前景展望[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2021, 26(1): 31-42. |
CAI Xunyu, LIU Jinlian, ZHANG Yu, et al. Oil and gas exploration progress of Sinopec during the 13th Five-Year Plan period and prospect forecast for the 14th Five-Year Plan[J]. China Petroleum Exploration, 2021, 26(1): 31-42. | |
3 | 张金发, 管英柱, 陈菊, 等. 页岩气压裂技术进展及发展建议[J]. 能源与环保, 2021, 43(10): 102-109. |
ZHANG Jinfa, GUAN Yingzhu, CHEN Ju, et al. Progress and development suggestion of shale gas fracturing technology[J]. China Energy and Environmental Protection, 2021, 43(10): 102-109. | |
4 | 沈云琦, 李凤霞, 张岩, 等. 复杂裂缝网络内支撑剂运移及铺置规律分析[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2020, 27(5): 134-142. |
SHEN Yunqi, LI Fengxia, ZHANG Yan, et al. Analysis of proppant migration and layout in complex fracture network[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2020, 27(5): 134-142. | |
5 | SAHAI R, MOGHANLOO R G. Proppant transport in complex fracture networks-A review[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019, 182: 106199. |
6 | 蒋廷学, 卞晓冰, 侯磊, 等. 粗糙裂缝内支撑剂运移铺置行为试验[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 45(6): 95-101. |
JIANG Tingxue, BIAN Xiaobing, HOU Lei, et al. Experiment on proppant migration and placement behavior in rough fractures[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2021, 45(6): 95-101. | |
7 | ISAH A, HIBA M, AL-AZANI K, et al. A comprehensive review of proppant transport in fractured reservoirs: Experimental, numerical, and field aspects[J]. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2021, 88: 103832. |
8 | 郭天魁, 曲占庆, 李明忠, 等. 大型复杂裂缝支撑剂运移铺置虚拟仿真装置的开发 [J]. 实验室研究与探索, 2018, 37(10): 242-246. |
GUO Tiankui, QU Zhanqing, LI Mingzhong, et al. Development of the large-scale virtual simulation experimental device of proppant transportation and placement in complex fractures[J]. Research and Exploration in Laboratory, 2018, 37(10): 242-246. | |
9 | WEI G, BABADAGLI T, HUANG H, et al. A visual experimental study: Resin-coated ceramic proppants transport within rough vertical models[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2020, 191: 107142. |
10 | 张潇, 刘欣佳, 田永东, 等. 水力压裂支撑剂铺置形态影响因素研究[J]. 特种油气藏, 2021, 28(6): 113-120. |
ZHANG Xiao, LIU Xinjia, TIAN Yongdong, et al. Study on factors influencing the displacement pattern of hydraulic fracturing proppant[J]. Special Oil & Gas Reservoirs, 2021, 28(6): 113-120. | |
11 | 张学平, 刘友权, 张鹏飞, 等. 大川中沙溪庙致密砂岩储层支撑裂缝导流能力的影响因素[J]. 石油与天然气化工, 2024, 53(3): 92-97. |
ZHANG Xueping, LIU Youquan, ZHANG Pengfei, et al. Influencing factors of the fracture conductivity of propped cracks in the Shaximiao tight sandstone reservoir in central Sichuan[J]. Chemical Engineering of Oil & Gas, 2024, 53(3): 92-97. | |
12 | HU X, WU K, SONG X, et al. A new model for simulating particle transport in a low-viscosity fluid for fluid-driven fracturing[J]. AIChE Journal, 2018, 64(9): 3542-3552. |
13 | XIAO H, LI Z, HE S, et al. Experimental study on proppant diversion transportation and multi-size proppant distribution in complex fracture networks[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2021, 196: 107800. |
14 | 周德胜, 张争, 惠峰, 等. 滑溜水压裂主裂缝内支撑剂输送规律实验及数值模拟[J]. 石油钻采工艺, 2017, 39(4): 499-508. |
ZHOU Desheng, ZHANG Zheng, HUI Feng, et al. Experiment and numerical simulation on transportation laws of proppant in major fracture during slick water fracturing[J]. Oil Drilling & Production Technology, 2017, 39(4): 499-508. | |
15 | 潘林华, 张烨, 程礼军, 等. 页岩储层体积压裂复杂裂缝支撑剂的运移与展布规律[J]. 天然气工业, 2018, 38(5): 61-70. |
PAN Linhua, ZHANG Ye, CHENG Lijun, et al. Migration and distribution of complex fracture proppant in shale reservoir volume fracturing[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2018, 38(5): 61-70. | |
16 | 孔祥伟, 严仁田, 张思琦, 等. 真三轴大物模水力压裂裂缝起裂及扩展模拟实验[J]. 石油与天然气化工, 2023, 52(3): 97-102. |
KONG Xiangwei, YAN Rentian, ZHANG Siqi, et al. Simulation experiment of fracture initiation and propagation of hydraulic fracturing with true triaxial large physical model[J]. Chemical Engineering of Oil & Gas, 2023, 52(3): 97-102. | |
17 | 郭建春, 路千里, 何佑伟. 页岩气压裂的几个关键问题与探索[J]. 天然气工业, 2022, 42(8): 148-161. |
GUO Jianchun, LU Qianli, HE Youwei. Key issues and explorations in shale gas fracturing[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2022, 42(8): 148-161. | |
18 | 缪欢, 郑洪扬, 范文龙, 等. 四川盆地龙马溪组深层页岩储层压力与含气量动态演化过程[J]. 世界石油工业, 2024, 31(5): 19-29. |
MIAO Huan, ZHENG Hongyang, FAN Wenlong, et al. Dynamic evolution process of pressure and gas content in the Longmaxi Formation deep shale reservoir of Sichuan Basin[J]. World Petroleum Industry, 2024, 31(5): 19-29. | |
19 | 曾波, 冯宁鑫, 姚志广, 等. 深层页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展影响机理[J]. 断块油气田, 2024, 31(2): 246-256. |
ZENG Bo, FENG Ningxin, YAO Zhiguang, et al. Influence mechanism of hydraulic fracturing fracture propagation in deep shale gas reservoirs[J]. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field, 2024, 31(2): 246-256. | |
20 | 潘林华, 张烨, 王海波, 等. 页岩复杂裂缝支撑剂分流机制[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 44(1): 61-70. |
PAN Linhua, ZHANG Ye, WANG Haibo, et al. Mechanism study on proppants’ division during shale complex fracturing of shale rocks[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2020, 44(1): 61-70. | |
21 | 余致理, 肖晖, 宋伟, 等. H202井区H3平台深层页岩气压裂效果分析[J]. 重庆科技学院学报(自然科学版), 2022, 24(3): 29-34. |
YU Zhili, XIAO Hui, SONG Wei, et al. Analysis of fracturing effect of deep shale gas on H3 platform in H202 area[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology(Natural Sciences Edition), 2022, 24(3): 29-34. | |
22 | 曾军胜, 戴城, 方思冬, 等. 支撑剂在交叉裂缝中运移规律的数值模拟[J]. 断块油气田, 2021, 28(5): 691-695. |
ZENG Junsheng, DAI Cheng, FANG Sidong, et al. Numerical simulation of proppant transport law in intersecting fractures[J]. Fault-Block Oil & Gas Field, 2021, 28(5): 691-695. | |
23 | ZENG H, JIN Y, QU H, et al. Experimental investigation and correlations for proppant distribution in narrow fractures of deep shale gas reservoirs[J]. Petroleum Science, 2022, 19(2): 619-628. |
24 | FJAESTAD D, TOMAC I. Experimental investigation of sand proppant particles flow and transport regimes through narrow slots[J]. Powder Technology, 2019, 343: 495-511. |
/
〈 |
|
〉 |