中国南方常压页岩气勘探开发面临的挑战及对策

Abstract

Abstract:

Normal pressure shale gas is one of the main types of shale gas exploration and development in China. It has great resource potential and broad prospects. In recent years, Sinopec East China Oil and Gas Company has continued to carry out normal pressure shale gas exploration and practice in Nanchuan-Wulong area of the basin-margin transition zone in southeastern Chongqing. Positive progress has been made in the following aspects such as basic geological theory research, low cost engineering technology research, green mine construction of normal pressure shale gas. The enrichment and high yield geological theory of “three factors controlling gas”, and the classification and evaluation standard and the target evaluation system of shale reservoirs are established. Six low cost engineering technologies of normal pressure shale gas are proposed, that is, low density 3D seismic exploration, well completion at the “second” section, “drop ball steering+continuous sand addition”, “three steps” fracturing sand addition, electric fracturing and high efficiency drainage gas production. The development technology strategy of normal pressure shale gas is preliminarily formed. The integrated green exploration and development mode is put forward. More breakthrough and efficient development of normal pressure shale gas exploration are realized. Normal pressure shale gas shows a good prospect of exploration and development. However, the exploration and development of normal pressure shale gas in China is still in its infancy and exploration stage. There are still many challenges in aspects such as theoretical innovation, technological breakthrough and benefit development. So that five countermeasures are proposed for the development of China’s normal pressure shale gas industry: ①deepen the research on the main controlling factors of shale gas enrichment and high-yield, and strengthen the target evaluation; ②speed up the research on the supporting technology of excellent drilling and completion for the further acceleration and efficiency increasing; ③strengthen the research on high-efficiency fracturing technology to increase production, reduce cost and increase efficiency; ④strengthen the research on the production rule of normal pressure shale gas, and formulate the technical strategy of benefit development; ⑤fully implement the integrated operation mode of shale gas geological engineering, improve the management quality and create benefit. These countermeasures are counted on accelerating the development of normal pressure shale gas industry in China.

Key words: southern China, normal pressure shale gas, wufeng formation-longmaxi formation, exploration and development, geological engineering integration

CLC Number:

TE122

Zhixiong FANG. Challenges and countermeasures for exploration and development of normal pressure shale gas in southern China[J]. Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2019, 9(5): 1-13.

Figures/Tables 15

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References 24

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项别	常压页岩气	高压页岩气
沉积特征	处于深水陆棚相上斜坡,优质页岩厚24~35 m,石英含量 >50 %,黏土矿物含量<30 %	处于深水陆棚相下斜坡,优质页岩厚度38~45 m,石英含量40 %~50 %,黏土矿物含量30 %~40 %
储集特征	基质孔隙度3.5 %~5.0 %,高角度缝及层理缝更发育	基质孔隙度4.0 %~6.0 %,高角度缝相对不发育
赋存状态	吸附气占比高（40 %~60 %）	吸附气占比低（25 %~40 %）
应力特征	地应力相对较小,40~60 MPa,最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力差异大,差异系数0.27~0.34	地应力较大,50~80 MPa,最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力差异小,差异系数0.11~0.13
温压特征	地温梯度低,（2.1~2.5） ℃/100 m,地层压力系数<1.3	地温梯度高,（2.6~3.0） ℃/100 m,地层压力系数>1.3
生产特征	返排率高,日产液高,产量递减相对较慢	返排率低,日产液低,产量递减相对较快

孔隙类型		亚类	特征描述	成因
无机孔		粒间孔	颗粒间孔隙或矿物间的接触部分,一般为数百纳米及其以下	压实残余、溶蚀或收缩
		粒内孔	数纳米到数百纳米不等,包括颗粒内微孔及黏土矿物解理缝	溶蚀
		晶间孔	矿物晶体间的孔隙,主要位于黏土矿物及黄铁矿物部分	结晶
有机孔	干酪根孔	无定形干酪根孔	数纳米到数百纳米不等,圆度较高且密集分布的孔隙	降解、热演化作用
	干酪根孔	结构型干酪根孔	数纳米到数百纳米不等,孔隙保有母质原始结构	热演化作用、凝胶作用
	沥青孔	固体沥青孔	数纳米到数百纳米不等,原生沥青保有母质原始结构,孔隙多为圆或次圆	降解、液态烃演化
	沥青孔	沥青球粒孔	数十纳米到数百纳米不等,孔隙为不规则棱角状	热演化作用、物理堆积
微裂缝		应力缝	宽度一般小于2 μm,长度几微米到数厘米不等,矿物颗粒或有机质颗粒不规则破裂	应力（构造及成岩）
微裂缝		收缩缝	宽度一般小于1 μm,长度不超过100 μm,多见于有机质与矿物颗粒接触面	脱水或收缩

储层分级	微孔（<5 nm）		小孔（5~25 nm）		常压页岩储层		高压页岩储层
储层分级	孔容/（mL·g^-1）	孔隙度/%	孔容/（mL·g^-1）	孔隙度/%	TOC/%	实验测总含气量/（mL·g^-1）	TOC/%	实验测总含气量/（mL·g^-1）
好储层	>0.006	>1.5	>0.005	>1.25	>4.5	>2.2	>3.5	>4.5
中储层	>0.006	>1.5	>0.002	>0.5	2.5~4.5	>1.8	2.0~3.5	>3.7
差储层	0.002~0.006	0.5~1.5			1.0~2.5	<1.5	1.0~2.0	<2.3
非储层	<0.002	<0.5			<1.0		<1.0

评价参数			一类区	二类区	三类区
物质基础	关键参数	优质页岩厚度/m	>30	20~30	15~20
		有机质丰度/%	>3	2~3	1~2
		优质页岩分布面积/km²	>100	50~100	<50
		资源丰度/（10⁸m³·km^-2）	>8	4~8	<4
	辅助参数	热演化程度/%	2.0~3.0	3.0~3.5	>3.5
富集程度	关键参数	地层压力系数	>1.1	0.9~1.1	<0.9
		孔隙度/%	>4	2~4	<2
		含气量/（m³·t^-1）	>4	2~4	<2
	辅助参数	距剥蚀边界距离/km	>4	2~4	<2
		断裂发育程度	断裂较少,规模小	断裂较发育,规模小	断裂发育,规模大
		距开启断层距离/km	>1.5	0.5~1.5	<0.5
		孔径/nm	>10为主	2~10为主	<2为主
		比表面积/（m²·g^-1）	>20	15~20	<15
地应力场	关键参数	构造样式	背斜、斜坡、褶皱宽缓的向斜	较宽缓向斜	较紧闭—紧闭复杂褶皱
		埋深/m	1 500~3 800	1 000~1 500或3 800~4 500	>4 500
		层理缝	发育	较发育	不发育
		微裂缝	发育	较发育	不发育
		地应力/MPa	<80	80~95	>95
		应力差异系数	<0.2	0.2~0.3	>0.3
		硅质含量/%	>50	30~50	<30
		曲率	中等	大	小
	辅助参数	泊松比	<0.25	0.25~0.30	>0.30
		黏土含量/%	<30	30~40	>40
		脆性指数/%	>50	30~50	<30
		顶底板	具应力隔挡	应力隔挡不明显	不具应力隔挡

Challenges and countermeasures for exploration and development of normal pressure shale gas in southern China

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